Mary M Gusella Chief Commissioner |
27-May-2004 |
The instant letter is not Lubomyr Prytulak's answer to the Canadian Jewish Congress complaint, but only a request for adequate time to answer, with a small number of issues glanced at that follow from a consideration of the age of the UKAR material complained of. |
Under the law of defamation, if something disreputable to a plaintiff is stated in one part of a publication, but this stain is removed in another part of the same publication, the bane and antidote must be taken together when a court is asked to consider whether the publication is defamatory of the plaintiff.
Attributed to Brooke L.J. in Raymond E. Brown, The law of defamation in Canada (2nd ed.), Carswell Thomson Professional Publishing, Scarborough Ontario, 1999, 5-16. |
The Canadian Human Rights Commission has received a complaint from Len Rudner alleging that your website (the Ukrainian Archive) is discriminating against persons or groups of persons because of religion and national or ethnic origin by communicating messages to Internet newsgroups which would likely expose individuals who are of the Jewish faith, and segments of the Jewish faith identified by their national or ethnic origin to hatred and/or contempt contrary to section 13(1) of the Canadian Human Rights Act.
Suzanne Best, Covering letter dated 27-Nov-2003 accompanying original CJC Complaint dated 07-Nov-2003, at www.ukar.org/cjc01.html, bold emphasis added. |
The principle stated in this terse language lies at the foundation of all well-ordered systems of jurisprudence. Wherever one is assailed in his person or his property, there he may defend, for the liability and the right are inseparable. This is a principle of natural justice, recognized as such by the common intelligence and conscience of all nations. A sentence of a court pronounced against a party without hearing him, or giving him an opportunity to be heard, is not a judicial determination of his rights, and is not entitled to respect in any other tribunal. That there must be notice to a party of some kind, actual or constructive, to a valid judgment affecting his rights, is admitted. Until notice is given, the court has no jurisdiction in any case to proceed to judgment, whatever its authority may be, by the law of its organization, over the subject-matter. But notice is only for the purpose of affording the party an opportunity of being heard upon the claim of the charges made; it is a summons to him to appear and speak, if he has anything to say why the judgment sought should not be rendered. A denial to a party of the benefit of a notice would be in effect to deny that he is entitled to notice at all, and the sham and deceptive proceeding had better be omitted altogether. It would be like saying to a party, Appear and you shall be heard; and, when he has appeared, saying, Your appearance shall not be recognized, and you shall not be heard. In the present case, the district court not only in effect said this, but immediately added a decree of condemnation, reciting that the default of all persons had been duly entered. It is difficult to speak of a decree thus rendered with moderation; it was in fact a mere arbitrary edict clothed in the form of a judicial sentence.
Windsor v McVeigh, 93 US 277, cited in Hovey v Elliott, 167 US 409, 17 SupCt 841 (1897), from Book 42, Lawyer's Edition. A more extensive discussion of this question can be found in the Lubomyr Prytulak 11-Apr-2003 letter to Los Angeles Superior Court judge James R. Dunn, Appear and you shall not be heard at www.ukar.org/temp/dunn04.html |
3. Antisemitic Canards (Cruelty, Disloyalty, Dishonesty) Cruelty Mr. Prytulak states, without proof, that Kosher ritual slaughter is cruel and inhumane. He relies on insinuation to make this claim. This insult is especially grievous, given the many prohibitions that rabbinical authorities have set down through the centuries to ensure that animals are treated humanely and with compassion. Prytulak's "conclusion" is presented below: "In view of the evidence that gratuitous and avoidable cruelty continues to be associated with Jewish ritual slaughter, then it is indeed reasonable to expect that the non-Jewish public would avoid meat identified as kosher, and conceivable even that if more Jews became aware of what their own representatives were doing in the slaughterhouse, that Jews themselves would begin avoiding ritually-slaughtered meat." |
How humane is Jewish ritual slaughter in Canada today? Has Jewish ritual slaughter in Canada won exemption from humane-slaughtering legislation the way that it has won exemption in jurisdictions outside Canada? Has any Jewish ritual slaughtering in Canada today taken steps in the direction of adopting humane practices? |
The right of reply gives any private citizen an inexpensive, expeditious, and convenient remedy for combating misstatements about himself in the press. Instead of undergoing the trials and tribulations of a libel suit which, even if he wins, will not be reported in the press, he can usually get his reply published within three days. In most cases he will not need to hire a lawyer or go to court. He can attack misstatements directly without dragging in extraneous questions about the defendant's fault and the amount of damages. He does not lay himself open to any charge of being a blackmailer or "a typical libel plaintiff."
Richard C. Donnelly, The right of reply: An alternative to an action for libel, 34 Virginia Law Review 867 (1948). pp. 897-898. |
Special programs | 16. (1) It is not a discriminatory practice for a person to adopt or carry out a special program, plan or arrangement designed to prevent disadvantages that are likely to be suffered by, or to eliminate or reduce disadvantages that are suffered by, any group of individuals when those disadvantages would be based on or related to the prohibited grounds of discrimination, by improving opportunities respecting goods, services, facilities, accommodation or employment in relation to that group. |
Advice and assistance |
(2) The Canadian Human Rights Commission, may(a) make general recommendations concerning desirable objectives for special programs, plans or arrangements referred to in subsection (1); and |
Collection of information relating to prohibited grounds |
(3) It is not a discriminatory practice to collect information relating to a prohibited ground of discrimination if the information is intended to be used in adopting or carrying out a special program, plan or arrangement under subsection (1). |
The right of comment which the press and broadcasters have is one which they share with every member of the public. "Who is entitled to comment? The answer to that is 'everyone'. A newspaper reporter or a newspaper editor has exactly the same rights, neither more or less, than every other citizen". "A newspaper has the right, and no greater or higher right, to make comment upon a public officer or person occupying a public situation than an ordinary citizen would have." "To whatever lengths the subject in general may go, so also may the journalist, but, apart from statute law, his privilege is no other and no higher ... the range of his assertions, his criticisms, or his comments, is as wide as, and no wider than, that of every other subject. No privilege attaches to his position."
Gatley on libel and slander, Patrick Milmo Q.C. et al. (Eds.), Sweet & Maxwell, London, 1998, pp. 249-250. Footnotes removed. |
Nor has the press in Canada received any special protection in the law of defamation. The courts have been unwilling to recognize any unique prerogatives on the part of the press to communicate matters of public interest or concern to the general public. Thus Canadian courts have stated emphatically that the press enjoys no privilege of free speech greater than that enjoyed by a private individual, and that the liberty of the press is no greater than the liberty of every subject.
Raymond E. Brown, The law of defamation in Canada (2nd ed.), Carswell Thomson Professional Publishing, Scarborough Ontario, 1999, 1-16. Footnotes removed. |
The defence of fair comment is not the sole domain of the communications media, although it is of particular importance to them. It is shared by all citizens, equally, the wealthy and poor alike. It is "a common right of every citizen to comment upon or criticize a matter of public concern."
Raymond E. Brown, The law of defamation in Canada (2nd ed.), Carswell Thomson Professional Publishing, Scarborough Ontario, 1999, 15-11. Footnotes removed. |
CHRA § 13 (2) For greater certainty, subsection (1) applies in respect of a matter that is communicated by means of a computer or a group of interconnected or related computers, including the Internet, or any similar means of communication, but does not apply in respect of a matter that is communicated in whole or in part by means of the facilities of a broadcasting undertaking. |
Does Posting Material on the Internet Constitute a Broadcast? [49] "Broadcasting" under the Libel and Slander Act makes no reference to either radio or television, nor to "push" and "pull" technology. [50] The purpose of broadcasting definition is to single out information which is transmitted to mass audiences, where maximum harm to reputation can be done. Traditionally, this involved radio and television. In 1980, when the Internet was in its infancy, and not widely available, the Act was amended to [page 609] incorporate technology applicable to cable TV. The legislature obviously sought to clarify the inclusion of cable television in the scope of the Act, recognizing the size of its audience. [51] The court must recognize and give effect to the purpose of the Act, including the mischief it seeks to ameliorate. In this Act, that harm is widespread damage to reputation when a mass audience receives defamatory material. That is the rationale for applying particular rules to broadcasting that do not apply to other forms of defamatory communication. It is the reason for the notice period, and the limitation found in ss. 5 and 6. [52] The Internet, sometimes more than traditional broadcast media, reaches a mass audience. It uses the same infrastructure common to radio and television, as set out in the Act. I conclude therefore, that placing material on the Internet, via a website, where it may be accessed by a large audience, constitutes broadcasting within the meaning of the Libel and Slander Act. Bahlieda v Santa (2003) 64 OR3d 599 at 608-609, bold emphasis added. |
Free discussion is the foundation on which free government itself is builded. That lost, all is lost; the two exist or perish together. They mean the same thing. It is only in despotisms that one must speak sub rosa, or in whispers, with bated breath, around the corner, or in the dark on a subject touching the common welfare. It is the brightest jewel in the crown of the law to seek and maintain the golden mean between defamation, on the one hand, and a healthy and robust right of free public discussion on the other.
Per Lamm J. in Diener v. Star-Chronicle Pub. Co., 230 Mo 613, 132 SW 1143 at 1149 (1910) in Raymond E. Brown, The law of defamation in Canada (2nd ed.), Carswell Thomson Professional Publishing, Scarborough Ontario, 1999, 15-9. |
It is not now open to question that the publishers, editors and proprietors of newspapers, and indeed all other citizens, have the fullest and freest liberty to discuss and comment upon the public acts and conduct of a public man, and, if they see fit, not only to criticise his acts and conduct in the most hostile spirit and in the severest terms, but also to assail and denounce the man himself as unfit for his position for the want of such qualities as wisdom, judgment, discretion or skill and the like, as evidenced by his acts and conduct. One who undertakes to fill a public office offers himself to public attack and criticism; and it is now admitted and recognized that the public interest requires that a man's public conduct shall be open to the most searching criticism ...
Per Bain J. in Martin v Manitoba Free Press Co. (1892), 8 Man Rep 50 at 71-72 (CA) in 15-9 in Raymond E. Brown, The law of defamation in Canada (2nd ed.), Carswell Thomson Professional Publishing, Scarborough Ontario, 1999, 15-9 to 15-10. |
In another era, a false accusation of "communism" could drive artists and screen writers from employment in the movies, deprive novelists of access to reputable publishers, deny academics tenure or funds for research, and silence those critics of the status quo who might otherwise explore the outer fringes of respectable and not so respectable thought. There are modern parallels.
Raymond E. Brown, The law of defamation in Canada (2nd ed.), Carswell Thomson Professional Publishing, Scarborough Ontario, 1999, 1-16. |