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Scientific
As explained earlier in the Education
link, I was a particularly good student in high school, who enjoyed the
hard sciences -- especially physics. Further impetus along this path
was provided by the Internatonal Geophysical Year of 1957
highlighting collaborative research in the Earth Sciences
between
East and West. The launching of the Soviet Sputnik on 04Oct1957
followed by many other Soviet and American satellites drew our
attention to the skies. The amazingly clear night skies in the rural
Crystal Springs area made it easy to spot and follow the satellites
circling the earth amongst the millions of dazzling stars in the Milky
Way. Every autumn, we would be treated to the perpetually
shifting green curtains (sometimes red) of the Aurora Borealis. In
addition, we were always looking for UFOs, which people in the area
claimed to have seen.
[A] B.E.
(Eng. Sc. Phys.) (September 1959 -- April 1963)
Also
in 1956, my brother, Harry, and his
classmate and neighbour, Herb Welch, chose Engineering at the
University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon. Joe Borsa from the
neighbouring village of Yellow Creek was taking Engineering Physics.
Thus, I naturally followed in their footsteps, when I started
university in Saskatoon in the fall of 1959. During the summers of 1960
and 1961, I
surveyed grid roads in Saskatchewan to make enough money to pay for my
unversity education. In 1962, however, I landed a
summer job with the National Research Council in Ottawa. The project,
headed by Dr. Ed Jull and technician Ernie Deloli, involved calibrating
a large microwave antenna mounted on a 50 foot tower in the 3,000 to
13,500 MHz frequency bands. It was destined to be used to calibrate the
150 foot diameter dish to be built at
Algonquin Park, Ontario in 1963. This project eventually led to my B.E.
(Eng. Sc. Phys.) thesis titled Measurement
of the Gain of a Horn Reflector Antenna
. (This link just gives the title page and synopsis, but does give a
reference to a scientific paper by Jull and Deloli at IEEE Transactions
on Antennas and Propagation AP-12, 439
(1964))
[B] M.Sc.
(Plasma Physics) (April 1963 -- April 1965)
By the time I graduated in the spring
of 1963, I had become familiar with controlled thermonuclear fusion and
the competition between the Stellarator (a figure 8 configuration
championed in England and the United States) versus the toroidal
Tokamak (championed in Moscow and Kharkiv, Ukraine). Consequently, I
was pleased to enter a Master of Science program in Plasma Physics
under Harvey Skarsgard and work alongside his Ph.D. student Andy
Strilchuk. My M.Sc. thesis was titled Ion Temperatures in the
Plasma Betatron Experiment
. The Plasma Betatron was a small toroidal (19 cm major radius, 3 cm
minor radius) device designed to accelerate electrons within the toriod
-- much like a mini-Tokamak. Details of the Plasma Betatron and the
overall research effort are given in the scientific publication
Wave-Plasma Interactions
involving intense Runaway Electron Streams .
(A scanned 4.1 MB pdf file.) This research introduced me to the concept
of "possible practical importance of self-focussing relativistic
electron streams in toroidal geometry", runaway electrons, wave-plasma
instabilities and a host of other phenomena observed in the solar
corona and throughout the galaxy.
[C] Ph.D.
(May 1965 -- August 1968)
Immediately
after completing my M.Sc. in the spring of 1965, I headed to Vancouver
to start my Ph.D. program under the tutelage of Dr. Boye Ahlborn (a
recent immigrant from Germany) at the University of British Columbia.
"Boye" was young and had very wide interests -- both theoretical and
experimental. He was always developing new ideas and proposing
experiments. We dabbled with the "red-shift" and performed experiments
to develop a prototype pressure detector based on "frustrated internal
reflection". At the Institut für Experimentalphysik in Kiel, Germany,
Boye had developed an interest in shock waves. Somehow, we latched on
to the idea of trying to simulate interstellar shock waves and
radiation fronts in a one-dimensional laboratory experiment.
Consequently, my Ph.D. "thesis consists of two main sections: a
theoretical investigation of steady radiation fronts and an
experimental part" with the title Investigation
of the Dynamics of Radiation Fronts
. (This link only contains the title page, Abstract, and Summary and
Conclusions.) Theory indicates that there are five distinct types of
radiation fronts ranging from weak R-type, R-critical, M-type,
D-critical, weak D-type. In the weak R-type, the ratio of light
intensity to gas density is so large and the radiation front propagates
so rapidly compared to the speed of sound that there is little
opportunity for the gas particles to move. At the other extreme of the
weak D-type radiation front, the speed of sound is greater than the
speed of the radiation front such that a shock wave detaches and
precedes the radiation front. Rarefaction waves (similar to a tsunami)
are often associated with these radiation fronts.
The
experimental setup consisted of an intense "Bogen" light pulse of some
5 microsecond duration passing through a lithium flouride window into a
linear tube filled with oxygen or iodine gas. Measurements indicated
that pressure pulses were, indeed, initiated. Computer simulations of
the gas flow were performed using the "method of characteristics" and
the "method of finite differences".
Publications:
(1) Pressure Pulse Detection by Frustrated Internal
Reflection, B. Ahlborn and W.W. Zuzak, Rev. Sc. Inst., 38, 194
(1967)
(2) Experimental Investigation of Radiation Fronts, W.W.
Zuzak and B. Ahlborn, Physica, 41, 193
(1969)
(3) Steady Radiation Fronts Behind Windows, B. Ahlborn and
W.W. Zuzak, Can. J. Phys., 47,
1709 (1969)
(4) Radiation-Induced Shocks in Oxygen, W.W. Zuzak and B.
Ahlborn, Can. J. Phys., 47,
2667 (1969)
(5) Application
of Radiation Fronts in Chemical Lasers, W.W. Zuzak
(Unpublished draft, 2.0 MB pdf file)
[D] PDF
Kiel (September 1968 -- September 1969)
Having received a National Research Council post-doctoral fellowship in
the fall of 1968, I next headed to Boye Ahlborn's alma mater
Institut für Experimentalphysik der Universität Kiel in Germany, where
I was attached to a shock wave project of Ph.D. student Heinrich Carls.
The shock tube consisted of a 7 cm diameter steel tube with a
100
cm driver section pressurized up to 48 atmospheres of hydrogen gas; a
scribed aluminum diaphram; and a 350 cm test section filled with
krypton at a pressure of 5 Torr. Measurements of the vacuum ultraviolet
radiation emitted behind the Mach 12 shocks are reported in a
publication
Measurement of the
Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiation from a Shock Heated Krypton Plasma
.
A
memorable highlight of my stay in Germany was a camping trip with
Heinrich Carls in a Volkswagon through Czechoslovakia, Ukraine
(Uzhorod, Lviv, Kyiv, Poltava, Kharkiv, Dnipropetrovsk, Yalta, Odesa),
through Moldova to attend the Ninth International Conference on
Phenomena in Ionized Gases in Bucharest, Romania on September 1-6, 1969.
[E] PDF
Manchester (September 1969 -- September 1970)
The
second year of my NRC Postdoctoral Fellowship was spent at the
Department of Astronony, University of Manchester in England headed by
Professors Z. Kopal and F.D. Kahn, which is located some 20 miles north
of the Jodrell Bank Observatory. This introduced me to the fields of
astrophysics, galactic plasma dynamics and interstellar loop
structures, which was the subject of my theoretical investigation titled
Similarity
Models of Interstellar Loop Structures Astronomy
and Astrophysics, 15,
95-109 (1971); W. W. Zuzak.
"Similarity
Solutions" is a mathematical technique which (under idealized
conditions) can be applied to processes occuring at different size and
time scales. Thus, an exploding supernova is "similar" to an exploding
hydrogen bomb or a stick of dynamite. Conversely, one can apply the
technique to an imploding deuterium-tritium pellet as in the
laser-driven fusion concept. Presumably, similarity solutions
could also be applied to an imploding black hole. In
my
scientific publication, I applied this technique to the gigantic Loops
I and II (North Polar Spur and Cetus Arc) observed in galactic space.
[F] EPEC
Consulting Ltd. (February 1971 -- August 1972)
Upon
returning to Canada without a job lined up, I worked as a "Research
Consultant for special projects" for my brother, Harry's firm EPEC
Consulting Ltd., which at that time had an address 101-8780-106 Street,
Edmonton, Alberta. In addition to environmental studies, I did regular
surveying if and as required. Four of the projects were:
(1) "An Economic Analysis of the Cooking and Hastings Lakes" -- for the
Environmental Conservation Authority, Alberta, May 1971.
(2)
"Recreational Component of the General Plan for the City of Wetaskiwin,
1971" -- for the Battle River Regional Planning Commission, Wetaskiwin,
Alberta.
(3) "The Forest Resource in Alberta -- An Examination with
respect to Conservation, Recreation and the Forest Industry" -- for the
Environment Conservation Authority, Alberta, June 1972.
(4) "A Recreation-Tourism Study of Lake Athabasca and Environs" -- for
the Peace Athabasca Delta Project, Edmonton, Alberta.
[G] Atomic
Energy of Canada Limited (September 1972 -- December 1977)
By
the fall of 1972, I had landed a job with AECL at the Whiteshell
Nuclear Research Establishment in Pinawa, Manitoba R0E 1L0, some 100 km
northeast of Winnipeg. (My boyhood and university friend, Joe Borsa and
his wife Donna were already there.) As explained in the promotional
youtube video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gYomtwtaLOE
, WNRE was specifically built to test out the Organic Cooled Reactor
(OCR) concept, where an organic coolant is used in lieu of heavy water.
(Contrary to heavy water coolant, the various components of the organic
coolant have different boiling points resulting in a "diffuse" boiling
point, such that during a loss of coolant accident (LOCA) the organic
coolant does not "flash" into a vapour. Although more efficient and
superior to heavy water coolant, WNRE scientists could not guarantee
that the organic coolant would not burst into flames during such
accidents. Consequently, the OCR concept was abandoned and Canada opted
to commercialize the CANDU reactor, which uses heavy water as both
coolant and moderator.)
The United States had just declassified
the laser-driven fusion concept, which envisions imploding a
deuterium-tritium pellet from all sides with laser radiation, causing
the pellet to implode, reach criticality and then explode like a
miniature hydrogen bomb. My specific project was to examine the
feasibility and advisability of Canada initiating a laser fusion
program. Consequently, I joined the Laser Fusion Working Party based
mainly at Chalk River, scoured the literature and visited several
laboratories in the United States and Canada. However, it wasn't long
before we realized that the difficulties of laser fusion were
insuperable and recommended that Canada develop a controlled
thermonuclear fusion program based on the Tokamak concept instead.
My scientific work at WNRE is listed below:
(1) Fusion (September
1972 -- January 1974)
(a)
Evaluation of the various schemes towards thermonuclear fusion and/or
electronuclear production of neutrons; consultation with the various
centres with expertise in the field of fusion in Canada and the United
States; recommendations for AECL involvement in the field.
(b)
Member of the Laser Fusion Working Party at AECL which examined the
technological feasibility of utilizing laser-driven fusion in a
symbiotic fission-fusion reactor. (See CRNL-1039: "Laser Induced
Thermonuclear Fusion -- a presentation to the AECL Senior Management
Committee, Nov. 01, 1973".)
(c) Did some calculations on the physics
of implosions of deuterium pellets when subjected to pressure pulses
such as occur when the pellet is symmetrically irradiated with a laser
pulse. (See PR-WAS-20: Progress Report Applied Science Division, Oct.
01 -- Dec. 31, 1973)
(d) Participated (on a personal basis) in the Great Plains Project's
Committee on Fusion.
(2) Reactor Physics
(January 1974 -- May 1975)
Member
of the Thorium Utilization Working Party at AECL which examined the
feasibility of fuelling CANDU reactors with thorium. Involved with
reactor physics calculations in this field. (See CRNL-1141: "Thorium
Utilization Working Party Interim Report".)
(3) Thermalhydraulics
(May 1975 -- December 1977)
Development of a Reactor
Analysis
Implicit
Algorithm
(RAMA) for transient flow-boiling calculations in pipe networks. The
governing equations are solved by a computationally fast characteristic
finite difference technique. The code RAMA is being developed
to
simulate blowdown and emergency core cooling during hypothetical loss
of coolant accidents in CANDU reactors. (See: (a) TDAI 98 "RAMA: A
Characteristic Finite difference code for LOCA Analysis, Part I and
Part II" and (b) "On Finite Difference Solutions to the Transient
Flow-Boiling Equations".)
[H] Multi
Contracting Services Ltd. (April 1978 -- August 1981)
After
a three month break (which I spent at the home of my future wife,
Lily), we joined my brother, Moe in the construction industry in the
Grande Prairie, Alberta area. The projects I can readily recall are
Municipal Office in Eaglesham, Pat Gorman's Autosupply, Silver Crest
Motel addition, Ken Moon Building in Beaverlodge, concrete bridge
across Bear Creek to Blake Gimmel's residential development, etc.
[I] College
Lecturer (September 1981 -- April 1984)
Because
of the deep recession and interest rates approaching 19% resulting in
the construction industry becoming paralyzed, I took a job teaching
math and physics to first year Engineering students at Grande Prairie
Regional College in the 1981/1982 academic year. (The tenured lecturer
was on sabbatical leave.) The process was repeated at Okanagan College
in Kamloops, BC in 1982/1983 and Kalamalka College in Vernon, BC in
1983/1984.
[J] Tokamak
de Varennes (June 1984 -- October 1996)
INRS-Energie prelude
(excitation-transfer)
During
the summer of 1983, my colleague and room mate at UBC, Barry
Stansfield, visited us in Vernon and proposed that I join him at INRS
Energie, a research facility of the University of Quebec located on the
South Shore of Montreal between the villages of Ste. Julie and Varennes
and within one kilometere of the research facilities of Hydro Quebec
(IREQ), where the Tokamak de Varennes was being built. Naturally, I
jumped at the opportunity to work in my scientific field. However, when
I arrived in June 1984, the Tokamak was still under construction such
that I had the opportunity to do research at INRS on laser-induced
fluorescence. This led to a hand-written draft of an INRS-Energie
internal report titled "Excitation
Transfer in Helium in a Hollow Cathode Discharge via Laser-Induced
Fluorescence"
(120 pages, 5 Appendices, 30 figures), which was never completed. For
archival purposes I have typed out the title page, preamble,
introduction and leave the rest to the imagination.
Photography diagnostic
(URG phenomenon)
When
TdeV finally became operational, I was in charge of the photography
diagnostic, which essentially consisted of a b/w and a color
"television" camera looking through windows at the plasma during the
Tokamak discharge. Although there was some flexibility in the viewing
direction, we normally looked tangentially upstream to the
electron drift. On 08Oct1987 shot #1396, a mysterious white
glow
appeared on eleven video fields of the b/w camera and then disappeared.
The phenomenon was repeated on shots #1397 and #1402. Since it reminded
us of a UFO, we eventually called it an Unidentified Red Glow (URG). We
quickly realized that this radiation was associated with runaway
electrons when the pressure in the tokamak vacuum vessel was very low
and confirmed the phenomenon with the color camera as illustrated in this illustration.
(For me, it was full circle back to the runaway electrons in the Plasma
Betatron -- the subject of my M.Sc. thesis at U. of
Saskatchewan.)
Of
course, I was eager to study every aspect of the URG phenomenon and
looked forward to "failed" shots that resulted in runaway electrons and
URG emission. I even proposed that some time and some shots be alloted
to deliberately produce URG emission. However, the Tokamak operators
were very loathe to deviate from their scheduled program. Consequently,
URGs were only observed sporadically during certain "failed" shots.
Worse, the operators eventually instituted a safety mechanism to abort
the shot if and when hard X-rays (always associated with runaway
electrons and URG emission) started to appear. Consequently, there were
no more URGs to observe. Only once did Guenther Pacher relent, turn off
the abort mechanism and schedule a series of shots to deliberately
produce URGs (The last URG observed was shot #5519). Nevertheless,
I collected enough data to produce
an internal report URG
emission from the Tokamak de
Varennes CCFM RI 375e, April 1992; W.W. Zuzak et al. (The
text is an html file and the 20 illustrations are pdf files.)
There are some intriguing similarities with the mechanisms observed in
the Plasma
Betatron and the sharp discontinuity at the "critical
density" INT3(crit.) = 0.95xl019
m-3 at
which the URG emission is a maximum as illustrated in Fig. 4 of our CCFM internal
report. In TdeV the ratio of the "plasma frequency" to the
"cyclotron frequency", ωpe/ωce =
0.57 at this critical density.
In
my opinion, the TdeV should have and operators of Tokamaks around the
world should seriously study runaway electrons and their disruption by
wave-plasma instabilities. At highly relativistic speeds, the collision
cross-sections of the runaway electrons with the surrounding plasma
become very small. Consequently, the runaway electron stream and the
magnetic field it produces are "de-coupled" from the toroidal magnetic
field of the Tokamak and from the main plasma and its magnetic field.
This could/should lead to better control of Tokamak discharges.
Although synchrotron or bremsstrahlung radiation from the runaway
electrons, because of the circular curvature of their trajectory, could
be a factor, one can envision experiments specifically designed for the
linear portions of the huge ion or electron accelerators such as CERN.
Once the human species fully understands the plasma
mechanisms
occurring in interstellar and galactic space and applies this knowledge
to technological developments here on earth, then the stars will truly
be within mankind's reach.
Test Limiter (TiC and
boron coatings)
The idea of the test limiter on TdeV was to vertically insert a 7.0 cm
diameter hemishpherical zirconium-base ball into the top edge of the
Tokamak plasma to study the heat deposition onto its surface. In
addition to the thermocouples and other diagnostics, the interaction
could be monitored with the TV cameras. For this purpose a large
structure (some 2 m in height and 200 kg in weight -- overdesigned, in
my opinion) was built and situated in Bay 2 with the help of an
overhead crane.
The results of experiments with titanium carbide (TiC) coatings are
described in Enhanced resistance
of
plasma-sprayed TiC coatings to thermal shocks J.
Nuclear Materials 191-194 (1992) 465-468. (2 papers, scanned 9 pages,
4.8 MB pdf file.)
The next series of experiments involved boron coatings on the test
limiter to facilitate "boronization" of the Tokamak. The boron
sputtered from the test limiter is simply deposited on the inside
surfaces of the TdeV vacuum vessel. Some details of the boronization
process are available at
Solid target boronization in
the Tokamak de Varennes: a technique for
real-time boronization Nucl. Fusion 32, 2029
(1992), Y. Hirooka ... W. Zuzak et al (title, reference and
abstract only).
Unfortunately, the Tokamak operators needed vertical Bay 2 for a
different experiment and unilaterally decided to move the test limiter
to a different Bay without proper analysis. It turned out that there
was an physical obstruction near the very top, such that it proved
impossible to re-install the test limiter structure. The boronization
and other test limiter experiments came to a screeching halt.
Demise of the Tokamak de Varennes (1987 -- 1999)
The TdeV annual operating costs of $14.2 million were equally shared by
the Federal government (via AECL) and the Quebec provincial
government (via IREQ operated by Hydro Quebec). In 1996, the
Federal government indicated that it wanted to terminate the
arrangement. I distinctly recall Real Decoste (one of the TdeV
representatives at the negotiations) bitterly complaining about the
negative attitude of Anne McLellan (Minister of Industry at that time)
toward the TdeV and scientific research, in general. By 1997, the
Federal government was only providing interim financing and the TdeV
research programme was being wound down ands permanently closed in
1999. At one time, Canadian scientists had hoped that Canada's
involvement in fusion would lead to the the construction of ITER
(International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) in Ontario, Canada
as a compromise between the competing Russians, Europeans, Americans
and Japanese. It is now being built in Cadarache, France. Although the
construction costs of TdeV were over $100 million, its components were
sold to Iran for less tha $10 million.
On 28Nov1991, my wife,
Lily, had been diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma from an unknown
primary on her neck. Because of her deteriorating condition, I took a
leave of absence on 04Oct1996, officially resigned by 30Jun1997 and
returned only to wind up my affairs and sell my house after Lily's
death on 15Sep1997. When I completed my Ph.D. at UBC in 1968, I had
felt confident that controlled thermonuclear fusion would be a reality
within 20 years. I was obviously wrong.
[K] MISCELLANEOUS
In addition to my research outlined above, there are several more ideas and views that I would like to archive as listed below.
Angular motion vs. linear motion
When
I was teaching at Kalamalka College in Vernon, BC, I was impressed by a
short scientific article by a local author that someone gave me. (I
have not been able to locate it among the many boxes in my basement.)
The author argued that in a 4-dimensional world there are no such
things as straight lines, linear motion or linear momentum. He noted
that all the elementary particles have closed circular spins associated
with them. He postulated that all the laws of physics could/should be
formulated in terms of angular quantities. Although his postulate may
not be correct, it was certainly one of the most original ideas that I
have come across.
Big Bang Theory
Many
people believe that the universe was created as a "big bang" many
billions of years ago and that the universe has been expanding ever
since. They argue that the consistent red-shifts of the radiation
emitted by far-off galaxies indicate that they are receding from us.
Since my Ph.D. days at UBC, I have argued that it is just as likely
that all the galaxies (including our own galaxy) are accelerating into
a "black hole" discontinuity. Objects between us and the black hole
would appear to be receding from us. Similarly, in the opposite
direction, objects would also appear to be receding from us, since our
galaxy is accelerating into the black hole more rapidly than these
further-away galaxies.
Mag-Lev train between Calgary and Edmonton utilizing superconductivity
A
high-speed commuter train between Calgary and Edmonton with a stop-over
in Red Deer should soon be economically feasible. Magnetic levitation,
as well as energy storage in superconducting coils, could be utilized.
Soundless Mach 10 aircraft
With
a proper understanding and application of radiation fronts, it should
be possible to suppress shock waves associated with aircraft breaking
the sound barrier. Laser beams, electron beams and/or ion beams emitted from the nose of the aircraft would be required.
Farming on the Canadian Shield
Prepare
a reasonably-smooth, impermeable, appropriately-sloped rock base with a
catch basin at the bottom. Haul in and spread appropriate soil
(element-enhanced clay and fertilized black soil) on the rock
base. Plant appropriate crops. Irrigate and recycle the water
run-off.
Publish or Perish Syndrome
In
my opinion, the pressure on university academics to publish their
findings in scientific journals has been counter-productive. "Publish
or Perish" encourages researchers to become charlatans rather than
scientists. Too many papers are being published prematurely. Inaccurate
findings, either deliberately distorted or a product of wishful
thinking, are presented as if they were facts. Similarly, the drive to
be "first" to publish a breakthrough in some field is just
ego-tripping. All scientific and technological progress is based on the
existing educational and technological infrastructure -- not upon the
name of some individual. On the other hand, the recent policy of
encouragement of university and institutional researchers to seek
corporate sponsors to develop and commercialize the results of their
research is a positive development, in my opinion.
-- to be continued --
[L] List of files in "scientific" directory
[1] Measurement
of the Gain of a Horn Reflector Antenna B.E (Eng.
Sc. Phys.) thesis, University of Saskatchewan (April, 1963); William W.
Zuzak
[USask1963HornAntenna.html = retyped title page and synopsis only +
reference to scientific paper]
[2] Ion
Temperatures in the Plasma Betatron Experiment
M.Sc. thesis, University of Saskatchewan (April, 1965);
William W. Zuzak
[3] Wave-Plasma
Interactions involving intense Runaway Electron Streams
Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Phenomena in
Ionized Gases, Vol. 11 (Beograd 1966), H. M. Skarsgard, A. R. Strilchuk
and W. W. Zuzak
[USask1965Betatron.pdf = scanned 6 page, 4.1 MB pdf file]
[4] Investigation
of the Dynamics of Radiation Fronts Ph.D. Thesis,
University of British Columbia (August 1968); William W. Zuzak
[UBC1968thesis.html = retyped title page and abstract only, 4 KB html
file]
[5] Application of
Radiation Fronts in Chemical Lasers Unpublished
Draft, W.W. Zuzak
[UBC1969RadiationFronts.pdf = scanned 4 page, 2.0 MB pdf file]
[6] Measurement
of the Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiation from a Shock Heated Krypton Plasma
J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer Vol. 11, pp. 1135-1141 (1971); H.
H. Carls and W. W. Zuzak
[Kiel1970KryptonShocks.html = retyped title page and abstract only, 3
KB html file]
[7] Similarity
Models of Interstellar Loop Structures Astronomy
and Astrophysics, 15,
95-109 (1971); W. W. Zuzak
[Manchester1971LoopStructures.html = retyped title page and abstract
only, 3 KB html file]
[8] Excitation Transfer in
Helium in a Hollow Cathode Discharge via Laser-Induced Fluorescence
INRS-Energie Internal Report (May 1986), W.W. Zuzak
[INRS1986LIF.html = typed title page, preamble and abstract only, 3 KB
html file]
[9] URG emission from
the Tokamak de
Varennes CCFM RI 375e, April 1992; W.W. Zuzak et al
[TdeV-URG.html + TdeV-URG31.pdf ... TdeV-URG50.pdf = OCRed text, 97 KB
html file + 20 scanned illustrations, 4.3 MB pdf files]
[10] Enhanced resistance
of
plasma-sprayed TiC coatings to thermal shocks J.
Nuclear Materials 191-194 (1992) 465-468, R.G. Saint-Jacques, F.
Bordeaux, B. Stansfield, G. Veilleux, W.W. Zuzak, A. Lakhsasi, C.
Boucher
[TdeV-TiC.pdf = 2 papers, scanned 9 pages, 4.8 MB pdf file]
[11] Solid target boronization
in the Tokamak de Varennes: a technique for
real-time boronization Nucl. Fusion 32, 2029
(1992), Y. Hirooka, C. Boucher, R.W. Conn, P. Couture, B.C. Gregory, M.
Khandagle, E. Knystautas, T. Matsuda, R.W. Paynter, G.G. Ross, T.
Sogabe, B.L. Stansfield and W. Zuzak
[TdedV-Boron.html = title, reference and abstract only, 2 KB html file]