How Britain tortured German WWII Prisoners

LONDON -- The German SS officer was fighting to save himself from the gallows for a terrible war crime and might say anything to escape the noose. But Fritz Knöchlein was not lying in 1946 when he claimed that, in captivity in London, he had been tortured by British soldiers to force a confession out of him.

Torture by British soldiers? In captivity? In London? The idea seems incredible.

Britain has a reputation as a nation that  prides itself on its love of fair play and respect for the rule of law. We claim the moral high ground when it comes to human rights. We were among the first to sign the 1929 Geneva Convention on the humane treatment of prisoners of war.

Surely, you would think, the British avoid torture? But you would be wrong, as my research into what has gone on behind closed doors for decades shows.

TORTURE CENTER IN HEART OF CAPITAL

It was in 2005 during my work as an investigative reporter that I came across a veiled mention of a World War II detention center known as "the London Cage." It took a number of Freedom Of  Information requests to the Foreign Office before government files were reluctantly handed over.

From these, a sinister world unfolded -- of a torture center that the British military operated throughout the '40s, in  complete secrecy, in the heart of one of the most exclusive neighborhoods in the capital.

Thousands of Germans passed through the unit that became known as "the London Cage," where they were beaten, deprived of sleep and forced to assume stress positions for days at a time.

Some were told they were to be murdered and their bodies quietly buried. Others were threatened with unnecessary surgery carried out by people with no medical qualifications. Guards boasted that they were "the English Gestapo."

NETWORK OF 'CAGES'

The London Cage was part of a network of nine "cages" around Britain run by the Prisoner of War Interrogation Section (PWIS),  which came under the jurisdiction of the Directorate of Military  Intelligence.

Three, at Doncaster, Kempton Park and Lingfield, were at hastily converted race courses. Another was at the ground of Preston North End Football Club. Most were benignly run.

But prisoners thought to possess valuable information were whisked off to a top-secret unit in a row of grandiose Victorian villas in Kensington Palace Gardens, then (as now) one of the smartest  locations in London.

HUSHED UP BY ESTABLISHMENT

Yet it was here, seven decades ago, in five interrogation rooms, in cells and in the guardroom in numbers six, seven and eight Kensington Palace Gardens, that nine officers, assisted by a dozen NCOs, used whatever methods they thought necessary to squeeze information from suspects. ...

So, how can we be sure about the methods used at the London Cage? Because the man who ran it admitted as much -- and was hushed up for half-a-century by an establishment fearful of the shame his story would  bring on a Britain that had been fighting for honesty, decency and the rule of  law.

That man was Colonel Alexander Scotland, an accepted master in techniques of interrogation. After the war, he wrote a candid  account of his activities in his memoirs, in which he recalled how he would  muse, on arriving at the Cage each morning: "Abandon all hope ye who enter  here."

Because, he said, before going into detail: "If any German had any information we wanted, it was invariably extracted from him in the long run."

HORRORS CONTINUED AFTER WAR

As was customary, before publication Scotland submitted his manuscript to the War Office for clearance in 1954. Pandemonium erupted. All four copies were seized. All those who knew of its contents were silenced with threats of prosecution under the Official Secrets Act.

What caused the greatest consternation was his admission that the horrors had continued after the war, when interrogators switched from extracting military intelligence to securing convictions for war crimes.

Of 3,573 prisoners who passed through Kensington Palace Gardens, more than 1,000 were persuaded to sign a confession or give a witness statement for use in war crimes prosecutions.

OFFICER TORTURED IN ATTEMPT TO FORCE FALSE CONFESSION

Fritz Knöchlein, a former lieutenant colonel  in the Waffen-SS, was one such case. He was suspected of ordering the machine-gunning of 124 British soldiers who surrendered at Le Paradis in northern France during the Dunkirk evacuation in 1940. His defense was that he was not even there.

At his trial, he claimed he had been tortured in the London Cage after the war. He was deprived of sleep for four days and nights after arriving in October 1946 and forced to walk in a tight circle for  four hours while being kicked by a guard at each turn.

He was made to clean stairs and lavatories with a tiny rag, for days at a time, while buckets of water were poured over him. If he dared to rest, he was cudgeled. He was also forced to run in circles in the grounds of the house while carrying heavy logs and barrels. When he complained, the treatment simply got worse.

VICTIM BEGGED TO BE KILLED

Nor was he the only one. He said men were repeatedly beaten about the face and had hair ripped from their heads. A fellow inmate begged to be killed, because he couldn’t take any more brutality. All Knöchlein’s accusations were ignored, however. He was found guilty and hanged.

Suspects in another high-profile war crime -- the shooting of 50 RAF officers who broke out from a prison camp, Stalag Luft III, in what became known as "the Great Escape" -- also passed through the Cage.

Of the 21 accused, 14 were hanged after a war-crimes trial in Hamburg. Many confessed only after being interrogated by Scotland and his men. In court, they protested that they had been starved,  whipped and systematically beaten. Some said they had been menaced with  red-hot pokers and "threatened with electrical devices."

TORTURE DENIER COMES CLEAN

Scotland, of course, denied allegations of torture, going into the witness box at one trial after another to say his accusers were lying.

It was all the more surprising, then, that a few years later he was willing to come clean about the techniques he employed at the London Cage.

In his memoirs, he disclosed that a number of men were forced to incriminate themselves. A general was sentenced to death in 1946 after signing a confession at the Cage while, in Scotland’s words, "acutely depressed after the various examinations."

A naval officer was convicted on the basis of  a confession that Scotland said he had signed only after being "subject to  certain degrading duties."

GUILTY THEMSELVES OF WAR CRIMES 

Scotland also acknowledged that one of the men accused of the "Great Escape" [executions] went to the gallows even though he had confessed after he had -- in Scotland’s own words -- been "worked on  psychologically." At his trial, the man insisted he had been "worked on" physically as well.

Others did not share Scotland’s eagerness to boast about what had gone on in Kensington Park Gardens. An MI5 legal adviser who read his manuscript concluded that Scotland and fellow interrogators had been guilty of a "clear breach" of the Geneva Convention.

EMBARRASSED BY DISCLOSURE

They could have faced war-crimes charges themselves for forcing prisoners to stand to attention for more than 24 hours at a time; forcing them to kneel while they were beaten about the head; threatening  to have them shot; threatening one prisoner with an unnecessary appendix operation to be performed on him by another inmate with no medical qualifications.

Foreign Office both declared that it would never see the light of day.

Two years later, however, they were forced to strike a deal with him after he threatened to publish his book abroad. He was told he would never be allowed to recover his original manuscript, but agreement was given to a rewritten version in which every line of incriminating material had been expunged.

A heavily censored version of The London Cage  duly appeared in the bookshops in 1957. But officials at the War Office, and their successors at the Ministry of Defense, remained troubled. 

Years later, in September 1979, Scotland’s  publishers wrote to the Ministry of Defense out of the blue, asking for a copy of the original manuscript by the now dead colonel for their archives.

CIVIL SERVANTS PANIC 

The request triggered fresh panic as civil servants sought reasons to deny the request. But in the end they quietly deposited a copy in what is now the National Archives at Kew, where it went  unnoticed -- until I found it a quarter of a century later.

Is there more to tell about the London Cage? Almost certainly. Even now, some of the MoD’s files on it remain beyond reach.

Scotland, his interrogators, technicians and typists, and the towering guardsmen left the building in January 1949. The villas were unoccupied for several years.

Eventually, numbers six and seven were leased to the Soviet Union, which was looking for a new embassy building. Today, they house the chancery of the Russian embassy.

OTHER INTERROGATION CENTERS  

Number eight -- where it is thought the worst excesses were carried out -- remained empty. It was too large to be a family home  in the postwar years and in too poor a state of repair to be converted to  offices. By 1955, the building had fallen into such disrepair it was sold to a developer, who knocked it down and built a block of three luxury flats. One that went on the market in 2006 was valued at £13.5 million (US$21.5 million).

The Cage was not, however, Britain’s only secret interrogation center during and after World War II. MI5 also operated an interrogation center, code-named Camp 020, at Latchmere House, a Victorian  mansion near Ham Common in southwest London, whose 30 rooms were turned into cells with hidden microphones.

The first of the German spies who arrived in Britain in September 1940 were taken there. Vital information about a coming German invasion was extracted at great speed. This indicates the use of extreme  methods, but these were desperate days demanding desperate measures. In charge was Colonel Robin Stephens, known as "Tin Eye," because of the monocle fixed to his right eye.

'SPECIAL METHODS' INTRODUCED

It was not a term of affection. The object of interrogation, Stephens told his officers, was simple: "Truth in the shortest  possible time." A top secret memo spoke of "special methods," but did not  elaborate.

He arranged for an additional 92-cell block to be added to Latchmere House, plus a punishment room -- known chillingly as Cell 13 -- which was completely bare, with smooth walls and a linoleum floor.

Close to 500 people passed through the gates  of Camp 020. Principal among them were German spies, many of whom were "turned" and persuaded -- or maybe forced -- to work for MI5.

FIRST INMATES BRITISH FASCISTS

Its first inmates were members of the British Union of Fascists.  Some were held in cells brightly lit 24 hours a day, others in cells kept in total darkness.

Several prisoners were subjected to mock executions and were knocked about by the guards. Some were apparently left naked for months at a time.

Camp 020 had a resident medical officer, Harold Dearden, a psychiatrist who dreamed up regimes of starvation and of sleep and sensory deprivation intended to break the will of its inmates. He  experimented in techniques of torment that left few marks -- methods that could be denied by the torturers and that civil servants and government ministers could disown.

AFTER WAR: BAD NENNDORF 

These techniques surfaced again after the war in a British interrogation facility at Bad Nenndorf, a German spa town, in one of the internment camps for those considered a threat to the Allied  occupation.

In the four years after the war, 95,000 people were interned in the British zone of Allied-occupied Germany. Some were interrogated by what was now termed the Intelligence Division. In charge of Bad Nenndorf was "Tin Eye" Stephens, on attachment from MI5, and drawing on his Camp 020 experiences. An inmate recalled him yelling questions at prisoners and then punching them.

Over the next two years, 372 men and 44 women could pass through his hands. One German inmate recalled being told by a British intelligence officer: "We are not bound by any rules or regulations. We do not care a damn whether you leave this place on a stretcher or in a hearse."

DOCTOR COMPLAINED

He was made to sleep on a wet floor in a temperature of minus 20 degrees for three days. Four of his toes had to be amputated due to frostbite.

A doctor in a nearby hospital complained about the number of detainees brought to him filthy, confused and suffering from multiple injuries and frostbite. Many were painfully emaciated after months of  starvation. A number died.

The regime was intended to weaken, humiliate and intimidate prisoners.

COURT OF INQUIRY CONVENED

With complaints soaring, a British court of inquiry was convened to investigate what had been going at Bad Nenndorf. It concluded that former inmates’ allegations of physical assault were substantially correct.

Stephens and four other officers were arrested while Bad Nenndorf was abruptly closed. But there was a quandary for the Labor government. The political fallout could be  deeply damaging. There were other similar interrogation centers in Germany.

From the very top, there were urgent moves to hush things up.

CLOSED COURT CLEARS COLONEL

Stephens’ court martial for ill-treatment of prisoners was heard behind closed doors. He did not deny any of the horrors. His defense was that he had no idea the prisoners for whom he was responsible were being beaten, whipped, frozen, deprived of sleep and starved to death. He was acquitted.

Revealed: UK wartime torture camp http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/nov/12/topstories3.secondworldwar 

Live Q&A with Ian Cobain: Britain's long history with torture http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/oct/21/ian-cobain-q-and-a-torture 

Postwar photographs that British authorities tried to keep hidden http://www.read-all-about-it.org/archive_english/POW/archive_pictures_0409.html

Bad Nenndorf Interrogation Centre http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Nenndorf_interrogation_centre

Nicht vergeben und nicht vergessen—niemals! (German video 35:38 min—Documentary on
the American Rhineland death camps after WWII) http://hypercrypton.livejournal.com/2764852.html